Introducing the Theory of Preloading: A Cognitive-Behavioural Motivational Model
Background
The practice of preloading has been researched across the world by for the past twenty years. Preloading refers to behaviour of consuming alcohol and/or drugs at a private or public establishment before an intended event where further substances may be consumed. Substance use earlier in the night has been linked to various harms experienced across a typical night-out. Despite the plethora of investigations into preloading behaviours, there has been limited theoretical conceptualisations of the behaviour to guide harm reduction.
Methods
Our theoretical model draws upon the field research conducted by our laboratory in Australian night-time entertainment districts, along with the developing evidence base from international perspectives in the United States, United Kingdom, Europe and South America. In constructing a new theory to explain preloading behaviours, we synthesise prior motivational, cognitive and behavioural models into a cohesive formulation.
Results
The Theory of Preloading asserts that the practice of preloading with alcohol and or/drugs is guided by a motivational construct for an individual to manage their expected affect for a given target-event. Preloading is a preparatory behaviour and is argued to be guided by cognitive factors for planning and targeting these anticipated expectations for using substances. Behavioural consequences and reinforcements are posited to shape the cognitive and motivational constructs of the model through a reinforcement cycle. It is through this reinforcement cycle where intervention efforts could be targeted to reduce harmful preloading behaviours.
Conclusions
The Theory of Preloading aims to provide a cohesive formulation of alcohol and drug preloading behaviours for researchers and clinicians. Establishment of a new theory can assist researchers to test components of the theory, along with evidence-based intervention development guided by theory. Well-informed and theoretically driven research will help policy makers in guiding individuals toward a safer night-out in entertainment districts.
