The Neurobiological and Neuropsychological Link Between Gambling Disorder and Substance Abuse

Background: Gambling disorder and substance abuse consist on prevalent addictive behaviours, often co-occurring and presenting substantial challenges for affected individuals and clinical management. This work aims to explore the intricate neurobiological and neuropsychological links between gambling disorder and substance abuse, aiming to elucidate shared mechanisms and vulnerabilities that contribute to the simultaneous manifestation of these disorders.

Methods: A comprehensive review of the existing literature, utilising databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar by using the combination of the terms "Gambling Disorder", "Substance Abuse", "Neurobiology" and "Neuropsychology" was performed. Inclusion criteria focused on studies published within the last decade and that were based on the analysis of the intersection of gambling disorder and substance abuse from neurobiological and neuropsychological perspectives. 

Results: The review reveals a complex interplay between gambling disorder and substance abuse at both neurobiological and neuropsychological levels. Shared neural circuitry involving reward pathways, impulsivity, and decision-making processes is implicated in the manifestation and maintenance of both disorders. Neuroimaging studies consistently demonstrate altered brain structure and function in regions such as the prefrontal cortex and striatum. Neuropsychological assessments highlight deficits in executive functions and inhibitory control, contributing to heightened vulnerability in individuals with co-occurring gambling disorder and substance abuse. Genetic factors, particularly those related to dopamine regulation, emerge as common contributors to the overlapping aetiology.

Conclusions: The neurobiological and neuropsychological links between gambling disorder and substance abuse underscore the need for an integrated understanding of these addictive behaviours. The shared neural substrates and cognitive impairments suggest a common vulnerability that may contribute to the high comorbidity observed in clinical populations. Clinicians and researchers alike should consider the interconnected nature of these disorders when designing prevention strategies, diagnostic assessments, and treatment interventions. The findings advocate for a holistic approach that addresses both the behavioural and neurobiological aspects of gambling disorder and substance abuse, enhancing our understanding of the complex relationship between these two prevalent addictive conditions.