A narrative review of nurse-led addiction models of care; informing the foundations for international nursing.

Background:
According to the World Drug Report 2021 over 34% of people globally use substances harmfully, with a projected rise of 11% in the next 10 years. It is recognised that people who live in rural regions, and use substances, suffer greater challenges with reduced access to treatment, and a lack of care pathways. Nurses are favourably located to deliver addiction care and support in several healthcare settings, with literature highlighting that individuals are more satisfied with nurse-led care. Despite the World Health Organisations promotion of integrated care pathways, little progress has been made to develop and implement a nurse-led integrated care pathway for people suffering from addiction.
Objective:
To identify international implemented addiction nurse-led models of care, and their commonalities, alongside determining facilitators and barriers that were encountered, and to explore the impact, if any, of addiction nurse-led models of care on the substance-use of individuals and the wider community.
Method:
A systematic search was undertaken using index terms and keywords formulated in liaison with a subject librarian, in May 2022. These were used in association with Boolean operators across five databases: CINHAL Ultimate, Web of Science, Psych Info, Embase and Medline. Two overarching concepts were included in the search: Nursing-led initiatives and models, and Addiction and Substance abuse. A narrative synthesis of findings was compiled. Full texts were reviewed by two authors with the search yielding 23 articles for analysis. 
Results:
Findings from this narrative review determined commonalities that can be utilised when developing an addiction nurse-led model of care which should be integrated and individual focused, with nurses who have training and education and alongside structured protocols that they can work from. These models should also be a safe environment for individuals, free from judgement and stigma, to allow for access to services and promotion of recovery.
Conclusion: 
To conclude, this narrative review has formed the foundations to develop an addiction nurse-led model of care that can be implemented internationally in various healthcare settings.